Buses, Trucks, Ambulances + cars GAZ + MOSCOVITCH + SCALDIA + VOLGA + ZIM Russia I
Gorkovski Avtomobilny Zavod
Zavod Imeni Molotova
Gorkovski Avtomobilny Zavod (Russisch: Горьковский автомобильный завод; [Gorkovski Avtomobilny Zavod]; “Automobielfabriek van Gorki”) of GAZ (ГАЗ) is eenRussische autofabriek in Nizjni Novgorod en onderdeel van de groep GAZ. De fabriek startte in 1929 als NNAZ, een samenwerkingsverband tussen Ford en de Sovjet-Unie. De naam veranderde toen de stadsnaam van Nizjni Novgorod werd vernoemd naar Maksim Gorki. Van 1935 tot 1956 werd daar de toevoeging imeni Molotovaachter geplakt (letterlijk “vernoemd naar Molotov“).
Geschiedenis
Omdat het vijfjarenplan van 1928-1932 grote nadruk legde op de tot dan toe weinig ontwikkelde autoindustrie, sloot de Opperste Sovjet in 1929 een overeenkomst met deAmerikaanse autoproducent Ford, waarvan een productiefaciliteiten werd geïmporteerd en licenties werden overgenomen voor de eerste modellen.
Het eerste model van de fabriek was de gemiddeld geprijsde Ford Model A, die eerst werd verkocht als GAZ A en Ford Model AA onder de naam GAZ AA. De “A” productie begon in 1932 en liep tot 1936, waarbij 100 000 exemplaren werden gebouwd. De A werd opgevolgd door de modernere GAZ M1, die grotendeels gebaseerd was op de Ford V8 en werd geproduceerd van 1936 tot 1942. De letter M stond voor Molotovets (“van Molotovs trots”), wat de bron vormde voor de bijnaam van de auto; Emka (Эмка).
Door de ervaring met de A en M1 wisten ingenieurs bij GAZ hun eigen automodel te ontwikkelen onafhankelijk van Ford. In 1942 begon de productie van de GAZ M2, een auto die bedoeld was voor de hogere klasse, die in beperkte oorlogsproductie bleef tot 1946. De carrosserie van de M2 werd in beperkte productie vanaf 1941 op eenvierwielaangedreven onderstel geplaatst en in kleine hoeveelheden verkocht als de GAZ-61, waarmee het mogelijk de eerste vierwielaangedreven personenauto ter wereld was. Tijdens de oorlogsjaren werkten ingenieurs bij GAZ aan de ontwikkeling van een nieuw automodel, dat in productie moest worden genomen, wanneer de vijandelijkheden waren beëindigd. Dit model, de GAZ-M20 Pobeda (“overwinning”), was een laaggeprijsde gestroomlijnde, fastbackachtige sedan die in productie kwam in 1946 en door GAZ werd geproduceerd tot 1958 en onder licentieproductie door het Poolse FSO tot de jaren ’70. Daarnaast werd de GAZ-72, een vierwielaangedreven versie van de GAZ-M20 Pobeda, op kleine schaal geproduceerd.
Hiernaast werden tijdens de oorlogsjaren ook de Chevrolet G7107 (met hijsinstallatie) en G7117 geproduceerd uit onderdelen die uit de Verenigde Staten werden geïmporteerd als onderdeel van de Lend-Lease Act. GAZ maakte ook de GAZ-12 ZIM, GAZ-21 en GAZ-24 Volga en de limousines GAZ-13 en GAZ-14 Tsjaika.
GAZ bouwt ook vrachtauto‘s en 4WD’s als de GAZel en de beroemde GAZ-69 en pantserwagens als de BTR-80.
Geheel van karakter veranderde de fabriek met de overname door de metaalfabrikant Oleg Deripaska. Deze schoonzoon van president Jeltsin en vriend van president Poetin ontsloeg de helft van het personeel, zette drastisch het mes in de arbeidsvoorwaarden en introduceerde een Japanse stijl van leidinggeven. De arbeidsomstandigheden zijn abominabel, maar de productie is flink gestegen.
Toen DaimlerChrysler zijn Sterling Heights-fabriek moderniseerde in 2006, werd de oude Dodge Stratus en Chrysler Sebring-assemblagelijn en uitrusting verkocht aan GAZ, die de Stratus onder licentie zal blijven produceren.
In 2006 nam het de Britse fabrikant LDV over, dat voornamelijk bestelwagens produceert.
Moskvitch
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| Type | Joint-stock |
|---|---|
| Industry | Automotive |
| Fate | Bankrupt since 2002 Dissolved in 2006 |
| Predecessor(s) | AZLK |
| Successor(s) | None. Partial recuperation of former production factories by Avtoframos (Russian subsidiary of Renault) since 2008 |
| Founded | 1930 |
| Headquarters | Moscow, Russia |
| Products | cars |
| Website | Official OAO “Moskvich” Website |
Moskvitch (Russian: Москвич) (sometimes also written as Moskvich, Moskvič or Moskwitsch) was an automobile brand from Russia produced by AZLK from 1945 to 1991 and by OAO Moskvitch from 1991 to 2002. The current article incorporates information about both the brand and the joint-stock successor of AZLK for the sake of simplicity. 
Moskvitch-400, nearly a copy of the Kadett K38 Moskvitch-400, nearly a copy of the Opel Kadett K38 OAO Moskvitch was a privatized venture name given to the former factory in order to avoid legal issues after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. Since the factory had no assembly branches outside Russia after 1991, its name is largely used today to refer to the building located in Lower Eastern part of Moscow and abandoned since 2006. The word moskvitch (Russian: москвич) itself translates as “(a) Muscovite” into English. It was used to point out the original location of the cars manufactured outside of Moscow.
Early history
In 1929 the construction of Moscow Automotive Plant began with initial production of 24,000 vehicles. In 1941 the plant was evacuated to Ural and the entire production converted for the manufacture of the military equipment at the dawn of World War II. After the war, the USSR acquired an entire Opel manufacturing line from Brandenburg in Germany. A factory called MZMA (Moskovsky Zavod Malolitrazhnykh Avtomobiley, that is, Moscow Compact Car Factory) started in 1947 to manufacture an automobile called Moskvitch 400 based on the Opel Kadett. Further models were developed by Soviet engineers. In 1969, the factory changed name to AZLK (Avtomobilny Zavod imeni Leninskogo Komsomola, which means Car Factory in the name of the Leninist Communist Youth Union). The Moskvitch failed to get type approval in the UK. Moskvitch cars were never meant to be a fashion statement. They were sturdy, reliable on substandard roads and were offered at an affordable price. The 1960s and early 1970s were the glory days, when the cars were exported to many countries throughout the world. Demand always exceeded production, so people had to wait a long time for a new car. Until the 1980s all Moskvitch cars were compact rear-wheel drive saloons and estates with solid rear axles suspended by leaf springs. The Moskvitch was also produced in Bulgaria (see Moskvitch (Bulgaria)) between 1966 and 1990 on the basis of complete knock down (CKD) kits.
Introduction of the Aleko
1986 saw the unveiling of a radically new (by Soviet standards) model, known as the Aleko-141. It was powered by the VAZ-2106 1.6L in-line four-cylinder engine, which had by then amassed an acceptable track record powering a number of LADA models. Aleko was a front-wheel drive hatchback different from any model the factory had made previously. It was larger and more luxurious, made with comfort, safety and aerodynamics in mind. The body was built on the basis of Simca 1307, while longitudinal engine placement and torsion-crank rear suspension and McPherson strut front suspension was inspired by Audi 80/100 family, while taking into account the larger size of the Moskvitch and Lada engines . The 1.8 liter gasoline engine for the new car was planned, but never materialized, as was also the case with a diesel version. The car was a major improvement over previous generations, but the fall of the centralised economy, below-par quality and inadequate management ultimately brought the factory to bankruptcy[citation needed]. The factory, which had been renamed to OAO Moskvitch (Moskvitch Joint Stock Company) in the early 1990s, filed for bankruptcy in 2002 and ceased production. The factory remains idle and abandoned, everything left as it was in 2002. Unfinished bodyshells remain on the production line in various stages of completion, while furniture, computers, office supplies, and documents remain in the plant’s administration building. Several attempts to restart production have been made over the next 3 years, but none were successful. Recently, a portion of the abandoned plant was acquired by OAO Avtoframos, a 38%-62% joint venture between the City of Moscow and French automaker Renault SA. In 2005, Avtoframos commenced assembly of Renault Logan sedans from imported complete knock-down kits (CKDs). The presence of Avtoframos brought new life to a small part of the facility, but the majority of the sprawling plant remains abandoned, apparently still owned by the dormant Moskvitch company. The bankruptcy of OAO Moskvitch was officially announced in 2006 and the company was liquidated the following year. Since 2009 owner of brand Moskvitch is German automotive company Volkswagen. In 2011 Volkswagen extended its brand ownership rights until 2021.
Scaldia-Volga SA
Scaldia-Volga SA was een Belgische autofabriek.
In de jaren 60 werd een overeenkomst tussen de Belgische importeur N.V. Sobimpex en Moskvitsj getekend, waarbij overeengekomen werd de auto in België te assembleren. Er werd een aparte firma, Scaldia Volga AS, opgezet om de productie waar te nemen. In de praktijk kwamen de auto’s compleet aan in de haven van Antwerpen, enkel met de versnellingsbak in de kofferbak en zonder motor. In Brussel werd aanvankelijk de Perkins dieselmotor ingebouwd, later vervangen door een Rover-motor en in de jaren 80 Indenor (Peugeot).
Hoewel de benzinemotor in België en Nederland steeds leverbaar bleef, werd de nadruk gelegd bij de dieselversie. In Nederland was de Volga diesel vooral populair bij taxibedrijven. Eind jaren zestig waren Volga’s regelmatig te zien in onder andere Rotterdam en Groningen.
Tegenwoordig is Scaldia-Volga de importeur voor Lada in België
GAZ-12 ZIM
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| Manufacturer | GAZ |
|---|---|
| Model years | 1950-1960 |
| Assembly | Gorky, Soviet Union presently: Nizhny Novgorod, Russia |
| Predecessor | GAZ-11-73 |
| Successor | GAZ-13 Chaika |
| Class | Full-size |
| Body style | Sedan, phaeton and ambulance |
| Layout | FR layout |
| Engine | GAZ-12 3,480 cc (212.4 cu in) 3480 cm³, I6 |
| Transmission | 3-speed manual with a hydrodynamic fluid coupling |
| Wheelbase | 3,200 mm (126.0 in) |
| Length | 5,530 mm (217.7 in) |
| Width | 1,900 mm (74.8 in) |
| Height | 1,660 mm (65.4 in) |
| Curb weight | 3,800–4,200 lb (1,700–1,900 kg) |
| Designer(s) | Andrey Lipgart |
The ZIM-12 (Russian: ЗиМ-12) was a Soviet limousine produced by the Gorky Automotive Plant from 1950 till 1960. Inspired by the 1948 Cadillac Fleetwood 61 and the 1947 Buick Super, the car was built to serve mid-rank Soviet Nomenklatura, but was also readily available as a taxi and ambulance. Unlike its successors, ZIM was the only Soviet executive class full-size car that was actually made available for private ownership. A total of 21527 examples were built.
Name
A ZIM-12 in Donetsk
ZIM railcar on the bridge over Yuzhny Bug on Gayvoron narrow gauge railway.
The ZIM abbreviation stands for Zavod imeni Molotova (Russian: Завод имени Молотова). Prior to 1957, the GAZ factory was officially named as Gorkovsky avtomobilny zavod imeni V.M. Molotova, or the Vyacheslav Molotov Gorky automotive factory, in honour of the Soviet Foreign Minister. All of the models carried the prefixM. However for a car of executive class, a new catchy abbreviation was introduced, and in the style of American car fashion that the vehicle was inspired by, the ZIM was used laboriously to decorate the car: the hubcaps, the bonnet, the radiator grille, even the horn button on the steering wheel. However, the Soviet Minister’s career was abruptly finished in May 1957, when he lost a political fallout with Nikita Khrushchev. Following his downfall, the country underwent a renaming spree, with cities, streets, ships and factories being hastily rid of the fallen politician’s name. ZIM, which was in production, from the summer of 1957 was hurriedly re-christened as GAZ-12, and all of the badges and adornments replaced by the new abbreviation. Moreover, right up until the perestroika the car was officially named labelled only as the GAZ-12, whilst unofficially it was almost exclusively referred to as the ZIM.
Technical parameters
- Clearance: 200 mm (7.9 in)
- Turn radius: 7.4 m (24.28 ft)
- Gearbox: 3 speeds + rear
- Weight: 1,800 kg (3,968 lb) (1,940 kg (4,277 lb) with full tank, oil and other liquids)
- Maximum speed: 120 km/h (75 mph)
- Fuel tank: 80 L (21 US gal; 18 imp gal)
- Fuel consumption: 15.5 L/100 km (18.2 mpg-imp; 15.2 mpg-US) at 50–60 km/h
1930-1950 GAZ-03-30
1930-1950 GAZ-03-30
1932 Gaz a
1933 Gaz 4
1933 Gaz a
1933 gaz tk
1933 GAZ Rusland Gorkovsky Avtomobilny Zavod
1934 Gaz 05nn
1934 Gaz 6 IRRA
1934 Gaz a1
1934 gaz Aero 1
1934 gaz Aero
1934 gaz Aero 2
1935 GAZ 0330r
1935 Gaz m1
1935 GAZ
1936 Gaz m-1
1936-1945 GAZ-05-193
1936-1945 GAZ-05-193a
1936-1945 GAZ-05-193b
1937 Gaz m1
1937 GAZ-21 prototype pick-up, 6×6
1938 GAZ-60
1938 GAZ-M1
1939 Gaz m 415
1939 Gaz m1
1940 Gaz 11-40
1940 Gaz 11-73
1940 Gaz 61-40
1940 Gaz 415
1940 Gaz m1
1940 GAZ-03-30
1940 GAZ-61-40 m
1940 GAZ-61-40 m1161
1940 GAZ-61-40 m1161n
1940 GAZ-65
1941 Gaz m11-73
1941 Gaz 11 40
1941 gaz 61-73
1941 Gaz 415
1941 Gaz m1
1941 GAZ-11-40
1941 GAZ-11-40
1941 GAZ-61-417, 4×4
1941 GAZ-MMV
1941 GAZ-ААА, 6×6
1942 GAZ 03 30
1942 GAZ 03 30
1942 gaz 42 cp generator truck
1942 gaz 61 73 2
1942 gaz 61 417
1942 gaz 64
1942 gaz m1
1942 GAZ-03-30 assembly
1942 GAZ-410
1942 GAZ-ААА chassis charger station
1943 GAZ 55 shot15 16 Ambulance
1943 gaz 61 1
1943 gaz 61 73
1943 gaz 67
1943 GAZ m1
1943 GAZ-05-193 staff bus, 6×6
1943 gaz-55 Ambulance
1943 GAZ-63 prototype, 4х4
1943 GAZ-67, 4×4,г., right GAZ-64, 4×4, 1942
1944 gaz 55s Ambulance
1944 gaz 61 73
1944 gaz 67
1944 gaz 410 cp
1945 gaz 20 + gaz 63 1945
1945 gaz 67 b
1945 Gaz m 20 6 cyl
1945 GAZ M20 Taxi’s
1945 GAZ m20 kabo
1945 Gaz Pobieda
1945 GAZ-55 MILITARY CAR Ambulance
1946 GAZ m20
1946 GAZ m20 mil pol
1946 GAZ m20r
1946 GAZ m20vsmf
1947 gaz 60cp
1947 gaz m 20
1947 gaz m21m
1947 GAZ m21plaz
1947 gaz47
1948 gaz m20 kabrio
1948 gaz pobieda nami
1948 Gaz M20
1949 gaz 12 proto 2
1949 gaz m 20 kabp Taxi’s
1949 gaz m20
1949 GAZ ГАЗ 12А ЗиМ Фаэтон Опытный
1949 ZIM AL12 r02G 02
1950 gaz 12 convertible
1950 gaz 12f
1950 gaz 20k
1950 gaz m 20l
1950 gaz sport 3
1950 gaz zim
1950 gaz assemblage
1950 Moskovich
1950 Moskovitch
1950 moskvich-402
1950 Moskvitch-400, nearly a copy of the Opel Kadett K38
1950 GAZ-46 (MAV)
1951 gaz 20m-pobieda-cabrio’s
1951 Gaz avtobus
1951 gaz pobieda sport
1951 gaz pobeda zim 2
1951 gaz zim
1952 gaz 67-b
1952 gaz 69-3a
1952 gaz 69truzh
1952 gaz december motor
1952 gaz m 20
1952 gaz m20 prod
1952 gaz m20 tyl
1952 gaz zim
1953 GAZ 0330r
1953 gaz 69 with704
1953 gaz m20 kabrio
1953 gaz zim
1953 GAZ-12 ZIM
1953 gaz-51p
1953 GAZ-63А with front section of LPP pontoon bridge
1953 Russian ZIM limousineblack 01
1954 gaz 12
1954 gaz 69
1954 GAZ M12 ZIM
1954 gaz Pobeda brosjyre 200
1954 gaz pobieda stream
1954 gaz turbo racing
1954 gaz zim 12
1954 GAZ-63АV, 4×4
1955 gaz 12 zim Ambulancewagen
1955 gaz 21 prototyp
1955 gaz 21o28
1955 GAZ 55 Ambulance
1955 gaz m 20
1955 gaz m 72
1955 gaz pobeda sport
1955 gaz post
1955 GAZ-62A, 4×4
1956 gaz zim ambulancewagen
1956 gaz 21
1956 gaz 56
1956 gaz 62
1956 gaz 72
1956 gaz m-20
1957 gaz zim
1957 gaz 21 volga
1957 gaz 69 open
1957 gaz 69
1957 gaz m72
1957 gaz pobieda taxi
1957 GAZ Volgabus
1958 Ambulance Gaz
1958 Ambulance Gaz
1958 gaz zim
1958 Trucks GAZ-69 (4×4) with R-125 radio
1958 Gaz 18 Prototype – fVl (Russia) ©VJ
1958 gaz 62
1958 gaz 63
1958 gaz m20
1958 gaz volga export
1958 gaz volga
1959 gaz 21 volga
1959 gaz 21
1959 gaz 22 scaldia
1959 gaz 93M Migo
1959 GAZ Chaika M-13
1959 GAZ Chaika M-13 Cabrio
1959 GAZ-62, 4×4
1960 gaz 69
1960 GAZ equator-35 ©yazaika.lj.ru
1960 gaz m21 Volga
1960 GAZ Start
1960 GAZ Start
1960 gaz Volga Diesel Perkins
1960 gaz volga soviet union economic achievements
1960 GAZ-21 volga-bus
1960 Scaldia 1400 Elita 1cm dik staalplaat
1960 ambulance gaz 12
1960
1960 GAZ 21 VOLGA
1960 gaz 211
1960 GAZ amb
1960 GAZ Bestel
1960 GAZ-12 Taxi-Limousine
1960 GAZ-12-ZIM 13 Limousine
1958 gaz-13 chaika brochure
1960 GAZ front
1960 gaz-21-volga End of part I
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